He Wāhine Māori me ngā Mahi Taonga Whawhai i te wā pakanga

Ko ngā wheketere i hangaia ai ngā matā me ērā atu taonga whawhai (munitions) i te wā o te Pakanga Tuarua he wāhi whakahirahira mō ngā kaimahi Māori.  Ahakoa he paku tēnei momo mahi i Aotearoa i mua o te whawhai, nā te kakenga mai o te whakaputanga o ngā matā, o ngā pū me ērā momo mea, i kumekumea ai ētahi taitamāhine Māori ki roto i ngā tāone.  Ka whakaarohia pea e koutou te wahine rongonui, ko ‘Rosie the Riveter’, e mahi ana i mahi ana i roto i ngā wheketere Marikena e hanga ana i ngā manuao me ngā waka-rererangi. Engari, i pēhea ngā wheako o ngā taitamāhine Māori o Aotearoa e whakaputa atu ana i ngā taonga whawhai?

Ko ngā taputapu mō te Pakanga.

Me kore ake nei ngā wheketere o tāwāhi hei tuku mai te nuinga o ngā taonga whawhai i hiahiatia e Aotearoa. Engari, i te mutunga o te Pakanga, i nanea ai te whakaputanga o ētahi momo pū mō ngā hiahia o ō tātou hōia, ā, ka taea ētahi atu mea te tuku atu ki ērā atu mana o te Kotahitanga (allies).  Kua whakatūria he wheketere hei waihanga i ngā motukā (ki ngā wāhanga he mea tuku mai i tāwāhi); ko te nuinga i Tāmakimakaurau, i Te Awakairangi (Hutt Valley) rānei. Nā, ka whakahuria ētahi wāhanga o ngā wāhi mahi motukā o General Motors, o Ford, me te Dominion Motor Company hei wheketere taonga whawhai. Nā konei i puta mai ngā tini wakatuki-pū-mīhini (bren carriers), mōtā, pohū-ā-ringaringa, me ngā kariri raiwhara.[1] 

Kotahi anake te tino kamupene matā o Aotearoa, ko te Colonial Ammunition Company.  I te tau 1885 i tīmata ai ki Ākarana, ko Whitney & Sons te ingoa.  I Mangawhau te wheketere i tukuna ai ngā kariri kia hokona atu i Aotearoa me Ahitereira.  He whakahirahira tāna whakarato i ngā taonga whawhai i te Pakanga Tuatahi, ā, ka pērā anō i te wā o te Pakanga Tuarua.[2]  I te tīmatanga o te pakanga i te tau 1939, ka whakarahia ngā mahi i te wheketere i Ākarana. Engari, ka uru a Hapani ki roto i te pakanga, ka whakaritea e te kāwanatanga i Hanuere 1942, he wāhi haumaru kē a Kirikiriroa, he wāhi hoki i taea ai ngā mahi te whakarahi.  E 24 ngā whare i hangaia i te taha o Dey Street, arā, he whare whakahaere, he taiwhanga pūtaiao, he whare kai, he whare whakaputu taonga me ētahi atu, ā, i te marama o Hune o taua tau ka tīmata ngā mahi ki reira.  I mua o te pakanga, e 20 ngā kaimahi tāne, e 55 ngā kaimahi wāhine o taua kamupene; i Tīhema 1943, e 789 ngā kaimahi, e 557 o ēnei he wāhine.[3]  Ki te kamupene, he pai ngā wāhine hei kaimahi, he iti iho nō ngā utu. Engari ka matea ngā tini wāhine anō kia ea ngā hiahia o te pakanga.[4]

Ko te kimi wāhine.

He waranatia ētahi o ngā taitamāhine Māori i uru ki roto i tēnei mahi; he mea whakahau ētahi kia tae atu ki aua wheketere.  Kāore ngā pukapuka hītori i te tino whakakite i te āhuatanga o ngā kaimahi katoa e whakaputa ana i ngā taonga whawhai, i te tokomaha rānei o ngā kaimahi Māori, engari e mārama ana i ngā pukapuka me ngā whakaahua o te Ford Motor Company, o te Colonial Ammunition Company hoki, he kaimahi ētahi taitamāhine Māori nō aua wheketere.  Nui atu i te 15,000 ngā Māori e mahi ana i roto i ngā ahumahi whai-pūtake (essential industries), ā, 10,000 ngā whakahau a te National Service Department kia haere ngā kaimahi Māori ki tētahi mahi, ki tētahi mahi, ki tētahi mahi.  Engari, kāore ēnei whika e wehewehea kia mōhiotia he tāne, he wahine rānei te kaimahi, ko hea rānei te wāhi i tonoa, nā reira, kāore e tino taea te whakarite te tokomaha o ngā taitamāhine Māori i tae atu ki ngā wheketere taonga whawhai.[5]

Ko te mahi taonga whawhai tētahi o ngā mahi e whakaritea ana hei ahumahi whai-pūtake, i te taha o ngā mahi hiko, waro, hōhipera, mira kani rākau hoki.[6]  I te tīmatanga, kīhai ngā tāne e mahi ana hei kaipūkaha, hei kaimahi rino rānei, i whakaaetia kia haere ki tāwāhi hei hōia.  Engari, i te pakanga e puta mai ana ki te Moananui-a-Kiwa, ka tokomaha haere ngā tāne i whakahaua kia uru ki roto i te taha tauā. Nā konei, ka tahuri te kāwanatanga ki te kimi i ngā wāhine mō ngā wheketere taonga whawhai.  I Pēpuere 1943, nā te whakarahi i ngā mahi ki Te Whanganui-a-Tara me Te Awakairanga, ka pīrangitia kia tāpiritia ngā kaimahi wāhine e 345; ā, i Tīhema 1944 100 anō ngā wāhine e hiahiatia ana hei tāpiritanga.[7]

Hei whakatutuki i te pīrangi nei, ka tuku tēnei momo kamupene (pērā me Ford) i ngā pānuitanga ki ngā niupepa kia poapoatia ngā taitamāhine ki roto i ngā wheketere.    Ka whakamahia te aroha ki te motu e te pānuitanga a Ford hei akiaki i ngā taitamāhine, me te karanga mō ‘200 More Women and Girls’ hei kaimahi taonga whawhai.[8]  I anga hoki tē pānuitanga nei ki ngā hiahia o ngā wāhine ki te tautoko i ‘ā tātou tāne’, me te kī taurangi, ‘They’ll win the war if we all do our part.’ Tua atu i te miramira i te hira o te mahi, ka whakanuia hoki te āhuatanga pai o te mahi.[9]  Engari, mō Mihipeka Edwards, ehara nā te aroha pūmau ki te motu i tahuri ai ia ki te mahi ki te wheketere o Ford.  I te mahi ia ki te mira-wūru, ā, ki tōna whakaaro, he pai ake ngā utu me ngā āhuatanga mahi ki Ford, he iti iho nō te turituri.  Ka pīrangi hoki ia ki te wehe atu i te mira-wūru i mua i tētahi whakahau ā-kāwana e herea nei tōna wāhi mahi.[10]

I kaha hiahia te National Service Department kia uru noa ngā wāhine, pērā me Mihipeka, ki roto i ngā mahi taonga whawhai.  Ka ahu ētahi taitamāhine Māori, pērā me Maud rāua ko Peggy Parata o Whangārei, ki Pōneke mahi ai, engari ahakoa ngā tini karanga, i matea tonu ngā kaimahi i roto i ngā wheketere taonga whawhai, ā, ka waiho mā te kāwanatanga e whakahau ētahi kaimahi kia tika te tokomaha.[11] I Hūrae 1942, ka whakahaua ngā taitamāhine o Kirikiriroa me Kēmureti i waenganui i te 22 me te 25 tau te pakeke kia rēhitatia mō te ‘work of national importance’ kia tonoa ki ētahi mahi, arā, kia kake te tokomaha o ngā kaimahi mō te Colonial Ammunition Company.[12]  Nā te tokoiti o ngā kaimahi taonga whawhai ki Pōneke, ka whakatairangatia he kaupapa puta noa te motu hei kimi kaimahi, me te kupu kapatau, mehemea ka tokoiti rawa ngā tāngata e whakaae mai, ka whakahaua kētia ngā taitamāhine i waenganui i te 21 me te 30 tau.[13]  Ko ngā mahi taonga whawhai, me ngā mahi hōhipera me ngā wheketere tūpeka, te tino take o ngā nekeneke o ngā taitamāhine, he mea whakahau e te kāwanatanga, i te wā o te pakanga.[14]

Engari, nā te kaha pīrangi ki ngā kaimahi, ka āhei ētahi taitamāhine Māori ki te whiriwhiri ki ā rātou wāhi mahi, arā, ki te whiti mai, whiti atu mai i tētahi ngā momo ahumahi whai-pūtake ki tētahi atu.  Hei tauira, i Hune 1944 ka whakaaetia a Eva Pulham e te Komiti ā-Iwi o Whangārei kia wehe i tāna mahi whai-pūtake i roto i te hōhipera kia haere ai ia ki te wheketere taonga whawhai i Pōneke.[15] I te mutunga o 1944, i te mahi ētahi wāhine o Tūranga ki ngā wheketere tūpeka, he ahumahi whai-pūtake anō tēnei, engari, nā te karangahia kia haere ngā taitamāhine o te rohe ki te wheketere o Ford i Pōneke, ko ētahi ‘found their way into the munitions business.’[16]

He take tohetohe ngā whakahau kia wehe atu ngā taitamāhine ki wāhi kē mahi ai.  Ahakoa i kapea ngā Māori i te ture i tangohia ngā tāne hei hōia, i raro kē rātou i ngā National Service Emergency Regulations, i whakamanahia ai i te tōmuatanga o 1942 kia whakahaua ngā tāngata ki ngā ahumahi whai-pūtake.  E ai ki te kaupapa here, me kōrero tahi ngā āpiha rapu tangata (manpower officers) ki ngā Komiti ā-Iwi me ngā Māori Utilization Committees, engari kīhai i meinga i ngā wā katoa, ā, kīhai ngā āwangawanga o ngā whānau Māori i whakamāmātia mō ā rātou taitamāhine e mahi ana ki ngā wāhi mamao.  Kāore tā te kāwanatanga whakahaere i ngā kaimahi e ngāwari ana, nā te mea, i tohe ngā iwi Māori kia nui atu tō rātou mana hei whakatau ngā wāhi i mahi ai ā rātou rangatahi. He take tohetohe hoki ngā āhuatanga o ngā tāone, me te pēheatanga o ngā taiohi Māori e noho ana ki reira; nā konei ngā āpiha toko-i-te-ora i whakatūria ai.[17]

Nā, kua mea mai te kaituhi hītori, a Deborah Montgomerie, i pā tonu mai te ‘racial prejudice and paternalism’ ki ā te kāwanatanga mahi hei whakauru i ngā wāhine ki roto i ngā momo ahumahi whakahirahira.[18] Āe, e matea ana ngā kaimahi mō ngā mahi pāmu me ngā mahi wheketere, engari, he whakaaro hoki nō te kāwanatanga he pai ēnei momo mahi mō ngā wāhine Māori. Nā reira, ka puta mai he tikanga i aukatia ai ngā Māori e pīrangi ana ki te uru ki roto i ngā mahi toa, me ngā mahi tari.  Ki te whakaaro o te kāwanatanga, he ‘underexploited sources of labour’ ngā wāhine Māori kia tutea ki ngā wāhi i whakaritea e ngā āpiha kāwana.[19]

Ko ngā wāhi noho

He ruarua o ngā whare papai te tino raruraru hei kimi i ngā taitamāhine mō ngā ahumahi taonga whawhai.  Mehemea he whānau, he hoa rānei o te taitamāhine i Pōneke, i Te Awakairangi rānei hei āwhina i a ia, whakaaetia ake ia mō ngā mahi taonga whawhai; ka roa kē te wā mō ērā atu kia kitea he whare mō rātou.[20] Nā te tokoiti o ngā kaimahi mō tēnei mahi, ka whakatūria ētahi wharenoho e te National Service Department mō ngā kaimahi o ngā ahumahi whai-pūtake.  I hangaia te mea tuatahi i Woburn (e tata ana ki Pito-one) i 1943 hei nohoanga mō ngā wāhine e 360, he kaimahi taonga whawhai te nuinga.  E rua hoki ngā wharenoho i tuwhera i te tau 1944 ki Te Whanganui-a-Tara mō ngā taitamāhine, ko tētahi i Oriental Bay, ko tētahi i Te Awakairangi.  He kirimana tō te Y.W.C.A. hei whakahaere i ēnei wharenoho e toru, hei tiaki i ngā taitamāhine kia noho pai rātou, hei whakarite i ngā mahi ngahau mā rātou kei whakapoapoatia rātou e ngā whakawai o te tāone.[21]

Ahakoa te tokoiti o ngā kaimahi, ka tū tonu ngā whakaaro whakatoihara i roto i te whakahaere o ngā wharenoho i aukatihia nei te haerenga mai o ngā taitamāhine Māori.  I tukuna he reta ki te āpiha rapu tangata o Whangārei, nāna i tuku ngā wāhine Māori e waru ki Woburn mahi ai i roto i te ahumahi taonga whawhai, e kohete ana kia kaua ia e tuku anō i ngā wāhine Māori ki tēnei momo mahi. E ai ki te kaituhi reta, kāore e tika ana ‘that Maoris should be sent forward to this work as they are required to be accommodated in the same premises as European women.’[22]

Ka whakanohoia ngā kaimahi e neke ana ki Kirikiriroa mahi ai ki te wheketere o te Colonial Ammunition Company i roto i ētahi whare ki Peachgrove Road. I hangaia motuhaketia ēnei, e waru ngā whare o tēnā wāhanga, o tēnā wāhanga, tokorua ngā kaimahi i roto o tēnā whare, i tēnā whare.[23] Kotahi te tino rūma o ia whare, arā hei rūma noho, hei rūma moe hoki; e rua ngā moenga, e rua ngā tūru; kei roto hoki he kāpata, he whakaataata, he rama, he paenga.[24]  I waiho mā ngā taitamāhine hei mau mai i ō rātou ake hīti, paraikete, taputapu kai, me te kōhua hei tunu kai.[25]  Kāore e kore, ka uaua te hokonga mai o ēnei mea mō ētahi whānau, i mua i te whiwhinga ki ngā utu tuatahi o ngā taitamāhine.  I ia wāhanga, i ia wāhanga he rūma kaukau, he whare paku, he rūma horoi kākahu hoki.  Ka tangohia te whitu hereni me te hikipene mai i ngā utu hei rēti.  I reira hoki he hōro nui hei wāhi ngahau, i huihui ai ngā kaimahi, i taea ai hoki he kai te hoko.  I ētahi wā, ka whakaratohia he pahi e kamupene hei kawe i ngā kaimahi ki te wheketere, engari, ki te mahara o ngā kaimahi, ka hīkoi atu hoki ngā ope ki te mahi. Nā te whakaraihana penehini, me te ruarua o ngā pahi, i rite tonu ai te hīkoikoi i ngā rā kāore rātou e mahi ana.[26]

Ko ngā mahi, me ngā wā whakatā

E ai ki ngā pānuitanga e akiaki ana i ngā taitamāhine ki te mahi ki ngā wheketere taonga whawhai, i tino pai te āhuatanga o ngā mahi o reira.  E kitea ana tēnei i roto o ngā whika o ngā matangaro o ngā kaimahi.  He hāwhe te nama o ngā wehenga kore-whakaae o ngā wāhine e mahi taonga whawhai ana o te whika o ngā kaimahi o ngā hōtēra me ngā whare kai, he hautoru hoki o te nama o ngā kaimahi o ngā wheketere tui kākahu.[27] E roa ana ngā hāora mahi, engari, ka £4/6/- ngā utu mō ngā hāora e 47¾.[28] He pai ake tēnei i te £2 mō ngā wāhine e whakatika whare ana, me te £3/8/- mō ngā wāhine e mahi ana ki ngā whare kai.[29]

Hei whakangāwari i te whakahaere o ngā ahumahi i te wā pakanga nei, ka unuhia e te Kāwanatanga Reipa ētahi o ngā tikanga nāna anō i whakatū hei tiaki i ngā kaimahi.  I raro i te Factories Amendment Act 1936, e 8 hāora anake te roa o te rā mahi, e 40 hāora anake te wiki mahi.  I rapuhia hoki kia tiakina ngā kaimahi wāhine; i waenganui anake i te waru karaka i te ata me te ono karaka i te ahiahi ngā hāora mahi.  Engari i Hune, 1940, ka wetekia ēnei here e te kāwanatanga ki tētahi rekureihana nonoi kia taea ai ngā mahi tīpakopako te whakatū ki te wheketere o te Colonial Ammunition.[30]  Ka rua ngā wā mahi, mai i te 7 karaka ki te 3, ā, mai i te 3 karaka ki te 11, e ono rā i te wiki, ko te Rātapu noa iho hei rā whakatā.  I tētahi wā, ka āpititia he wā ano, mai i te 11 karaka i te pō ki te 7 i te ata kia whakatutuki ngā mahi nonoi.[31]

I ētahi wā he whīwhiwhi ngā mahi, he āhua hōhā hoki.  I ako ētahi kaimahi wāhine ki te whakahaere i ngā mīhini nunui, engari, ka waiho te nuinga o ngā mahi pūkaha mā ngā tāne.  I te tīmatanga o te pakanga, tokomaha ngā kaipūkaha mōhio i kapea i ngā mahi hōia, kia mahi tonu ai rātou ki ngā ahumahi taonga whawhai.[32]  E whitu ngā wāhanga o te hanga i ngā matā; he āhua tāruarua ngā mahi a ngā wāhine, hei tauira, he āta tirotiro i ngā kariri kia kitea ngā paku hē, he hihira i te tika o te wiri i ngā kōhao mō te wāhanga hei pupuhi i te matā.[33]  He paru, he hōhā ngā mahi i roto i ngā rūma paura i purua ngā paura whakapakū ki roto i ngā pohū ā-ringaringa, i ngā mōtā hoki, ā, ka matea kia horoia ngā paru ki te tāuwhiuwhi i te mutunga o ia rā o ia rā.[34] He mahi mōrearea hoki te raweke i ngā mea whakapakū.  I a ia e mahi ana ki te wheketere o Ford, ka whakaae a Mihipeka Edwards ki te hanga pohā ā-ringaringa, mōtā hoki, e whakakī ana i aua mea ki te TNT, ā, kotahi te pauna i te wiki i tāpiripiria ki ana utu.  Ka matea he kākahu motuhake mō tēnei mahi, ā, ka āta whakatātaretia ēnei mahi e ngā kaitirotiro o te tauā hōia, e tētahi kaipūtaiao hoki. I rite tonu te kupu tohutohu kia tūpato rātou, engari, waiata ai rātou i ngā waiata i ētahi wā kia ngahau kē ngā mahi.[35]

I kaingākautia e ngā taitamāhine ngā rā kāore rātou e mahi ana, ā, ka tahuri rātou ki ngā mahi ngahau, me ngā mahi tautoko i te pakanga.  I Kirikiriroa, haere ai ngā taitamāhine o Colonial Ammunition ki te whare karakia, whakatika ai i ngā whare, haere ai ki te tāone, tākaro ai rānei i ngā hākinakina i roto i ngā tīma i whakahaere ai te kamupene.  E whakaaetia ana hoki ngā kaimahi kia haere ki te whare pikitia i ngā Rātapu, kia haere rānei ki ngā kanikani e tū ana ki ngā puni hōia, ki ngā puni waka rererangi hoki.  Ka haere ana rātou ki ngā wāhi tawhiti kē, ka matea he whakaaetanga motuhake me te pāhi tereina.[36]  Ka hāpai hoki ngā wāhine Māori i ngā mahi tautoko i te pakanga; ka uru rātou ki roto i ngā kapa haka hei āwhina i aua mahi, hei whakawhanaungatanga hoki i a rātou e noho ana ki te kāinga hou.  Hei tauira te rīpoata a te Evening Post mō tētahi poroporoaki i whakangahautia te minenga e ngā taitamāhine Māori o te Ford Company ki ngā waiata me ngā haka, i te taha o Mr. Love.[37]

Ka tau te maungārongo

I te mutunga o te pakanga i te 15 o Ākuhata 1945, ka whakamutua te mahi taonga whawhai.  Ka hoki ngā wheketere ki te whakaputa atu i ngā motukā me ngā pouaka makariri me ērā momo taonga.  I hanga tonu te Colonial Ammunition Company i ngā kariri, engari, ka paku kē taua mahi.  Nā konei, ka tukuna ngā kaimahi i ā rātou mahi mō te pakanga, ā, ka taea te hoki ki ō rātou ake rohe.  Ka pēnā ētahi ki te haukāinga, engari, ka whakatau ētahi ki te noho tonu ki ngā tāone ki te mahi ki ngā mira wūru, ki ngā wheketere kākahu, tūpeka, pikikete, ki ngā hōhipera hoki, nā te mea, he ahumahi whai-pūtake tonu ēnei.[38]

[1] J. Baker, ‘War Economy-Munitions,’ The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-1945, 135-137, https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Econ-c6-24.html. He mea tītiro, 22 Āperira 2022.

[2] Garry James Clayton, ‘Whitney, John,’ Ngā Tāngata Taumata Rau:  Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2w18/whitney-john. He mea tītiro, 19 Mei 2022.

[3] ‘War Munitions,’ New Zealand Herald, 18 Tīhema 1943, 9.

[4] Lynn Harris, A Little Further, A Little Faster: A nostalgic look at the Colonial Ammunition Company, its history and cartridges (Wellington: New Zealand Cartridge Collectors’ Club, 1981), 17.

[5] Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR), 1946, H-11a, 63.

[6] AJHR, 1946, H-11a, 31.

[7] AJHR, 1946, H-11a, 54-55.

[8] I tēnei wā, he taitamāhine ēnei “girls”, arā, kua wehe rātou i te kura.  14 ngā tau ka taea te wehe i te kura, tae atu ki te tau 1944 i piki ai te pakeke ki te 15 tau.

[9] ‘Ford Motor Company of New Zealand Limited: Wanted; 200 More Women and girls for Munitions work,’ 1944. Alexander Turnbull Library, Eph-B-WAR-WII-1944-01, https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22573983. He mea tītiro, 19 Mei 2022.

[10] Mihi Edwards, Mihipeka: Time of Turmoil Ngā Wā Raruraru (Auckland: Penguin Books, 1992), 87 me 135.

[11] ‘Meeting - 3 June 1944,’ Whangarei Tribal Committee Maori War Effort Minute Book, MSY-6078, Alexander Turnbull Library.

[12] AJHR, 1946, H-11a, 133.

[13] ‘Women Required for Munitions Work,’ Northern Advocate, 2 Pēpuere 1943, 4; ‘Munitions Work-Women to be Directed,’ Otago Daily Times, 5 Pēpuere 1943, 6; ‘Industrial Call,’ Gisborne Herald, 12 Hānuere 1945, 2; ‘Quick Comb-out- Urgent Munitions Work,’ Nelson Evening Mail, 9 Hānuere 1945, 4.

[14] AJHR, 1945, H-11a, 33.

[15] ‘Meeting - 3 June 1944,’ Whangarei Tribal Committee Maori War Effort Minute Book, MSY-6078, Alexander Turnbull Library.

[16] ‘Girls in Industry,’ Gisborne Herald, 18 Āperira 1945, 6.

[17] Deborah Montgomerie, The Women’s War: New Zealand Women 1939-1945 (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2001), 97.

[18] Montgomerie, The Women’s War, 68.

[19] Montgomerie, The Women’s War, 68.

[20] ‘Women Required For Munition Work,’ Northern Advocate, 2 Pēpuere 1943, 4.

[21] AJHR, 1945, H-11a, 42.

[22] NSD memo, 30 Ākuhata 1944, he mea whakamahi e B. Angus, ‘Women War Workers Hostels’, i roto i Montgomerie, The Women’s War, 98-99.

[23] Marjory Carey, ‘Working in the Ammunition Factory in Hamilton,’ Historical Review 43, nama 2, 103.

[24] ‘Memo – C.A.C. Hostels,’ ki te Manager, State Advances Corporation New Zealand, nā te Assistant Branch Manager, State Advances Corporation Hamilton Branch Office, 5 Āperira 1946, Housing: Colonial Ammunition Company Staff – Hostel at Hamilton, AEP2 W5727 22618 Box 547, 1062/0008, Alexander Turnbull Library.

[25] Kushla Haene, ‘You Will Report...An Oral History of Two Women’s Munition Factory Experiences During WW2,’ Historical Review 59, nama 1 (Mei 2011): 5.

[26] Haene, ‘You Will Report,’ 5-7; ‘Memo – C.A.C. Hostels,’ Ki te The Manager, State Advances Corporation New Zealand, nā te Assistant Branch Manager, State Advances Corporation Hamilton Branch Office, 5 Āperira 1946, Housing: Colonial Ammunition Company Staff – Hostel at Hamilton, AEP2 W5727 22618 Box 547, 1062/0008, Alexander Turnbull Library.

[27] AJHR, 1945, H-11a, 82.

[28] ‘Munitions Work,’ Otago Daily Times, 5 Pēpuere 1943, 6.

[29] “Advertisements – Column 3,” Otago Daily Times, 25 Noema 1942, 1; ‘Advertisements – Column 5,’ Evening Post, 22 Oketopa 1943, 2.

[30] “Ammunition Production,” Waikato Times, 6 Hune 1940, 8. me te Factories Amendment Act 1936, http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/faa19361ev1936n7289/. He mea titiro 22 April 2022.

[31] Haene, ‘You Will Report,’ 7.

[32] AJHR, 1946, H-11a, 31 me 54.

[33] Haene, ‘You Will Report,’ 7.

[34] ‘Wartime Love,’ Southland Times, 23 Āperira 2012, https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/features/southerners-at-war/2361732/Wartime-love. He mea titiro 22 April 2022.

[35] Edwards, ‘Mihipeka,’ 136.

[36] Carey, ‘Working in the Ammunition Factory in Hamilton,’ 104; Haene, ‘You Will Report,’ 9.

[37] ‘Farewell Party,’ Evening Post, 4 Hūrae 1944, 8.

[38] ‘Munitions Manufacture,’ Waitako Times, 20 Ākuhata 1945, 4.